answer the following and cite your references:
- Explain the properties of Heat Treatments and applications.
- Explain the differences between the ICs and their applications in today’s society.
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
PROCESSING OF
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Overview of IC Processing
Silicon Processing
Lithography
Layer Processes Use in IC Fabrication
Integrating the Fabrication Steps
IC Packaging
Yields in IC Processing
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Integrated Circuit (IC)
A collection of electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and resistors that have been fabricated and electrically intraconnected onto a small flat chip of semiconductor material
Silicon (Si) – most widely used semiconductor material for ICs
Less common: germanium (Ge) and gallium arsenide (GaAs)
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Levels of Integration in Microelectronics
Integration level Number devices Approx. year
Small scale integration (SSI) 10 ?? 50 1959
Medium scale integration (MSI) 50 ?? 103 1960s
Large scale integration (LSI) 103 ?? 104 1970s
Very large scale integration (VLSI) 104 ?? 106 1980s
Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) 106 ?? 108 1990s
Giga scale integration 109 – 1010 2000s
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Overview of IC Technology
An integrated circuit chip consists of hundreds, thousands, or millions of microscopic electronic devices
A chip is a square or rectangular flat plate that is about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) thick and typically 5 to 25 mm (0.2 to 1.0 in) on a side
Each electronic device on the chip surface consists of separate layers and regions with different electrical properties combined to perform a particular function
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Integrated Circuit
Highly magnified image of an integrated circuit (photo courtesy of Intel Corporation)
Cross section of a transistor in an integrated circuit – feature sizes can be less than 40 nm
Video
Fabrication of Integrated Circuits (Animation)
(https://youtu.be/IjVrkYteNwY)
Chip Manufacturing
(https://youtu.be/bor0qLifjz4)
How an Integrated Circuit is made
(https://youtu.be/ThNW0EqOH7U)
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Processing Sequence for Silicon ICs
Silicon processing – sand is reduced to very pur
HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS
Annealing
Martensite Formation in Steel
Precipitation Hardening
Surface Hardening
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Heat Treatment
Various heating and cooling processes performed to effect structural changes in a material, which in turn affect its mechanical properties
Most common applications are on
Metals
Similar treatments are performed on
Glass??ceramics
Tempered glass
Powder metals and ceramics (sintering)
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Annealing
Heating and soaking metal at suitable temperature for a certain time, and slowly cooling
Reasons for annealing:
Reduce hardness and brittleness
Obtain desirable mechanical properties
Soften metals for machining or forming
Relieve residual stresses induced by shaping
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Annealing of Steel
Full annealing – heating and soaking the alloy in the austenite region, followed by slow cooling to produce coarse pearlite
Usually associated with low and medium carbon steels
Normalizing – similar heating and soaking cycle as in full annealing, but faster cooling rates
Results in fine pearlite, higher strength and hardness, but lower ductility
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Practical Maintenance » Blog Archive » Heat Treatment of Steel
Martensite Formation in Steel
The iron??carbon phase diagram shows the phases of iron and iron carbide under equilibrium conditions
Assumes cooling from high temperature is slow enough to permit austenite to transform into ferrite and cementite (Fe3C) mixture
However, under rapid cooling, so that equilibrium is prevented, austenite transforms into a nonequilibrium phase called martensite, which is hard and brittle
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
TTT curve, showing transformation of austenite into other phases as function of time and temperature for a composition of about 0.80% C steel
Cooling trajectory shown yields martensite
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Time-Temperature-Transformation Curve
Heat treatment to form martensite consists of two steps:
Austenitizing – heating the steel to a sufficiently high temperature fo
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