Is there such a thing as a completely unselfish behavior? Back up your stance.
Short responsefiles (1)Ch12-Helping.pptxCh12-Helping.pptx
Chapter 12
Helping
Social-exchange theory ?? human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one??s rewards and minimize one??s costs
Social norms ?? we ought to help
Reciprocity norm ?? an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social-responsibility norm ?? an expectation that people will help those needing [and deserving] help
Depends on the attribution (internal or external)
External ï? sympathy ï? help
Internal ï? no sympathy ï? don??t help
Kin selection ?? the idea that evolution has selected toward one??s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes
Why do we help?
Egoism ?? a motive to increase one??s own welfare.
The opposite of altruism
Obvious egoism vs subtle egoism
Obvious: done to gain external rewards or avoid punishment
Subtle: done to gain internal rewards or relieve inner distress
Egoism
HANDOUT
Altruism ?? a motive to increase another??s welfare without conscious regard for one??s self-interests
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
An altruistic person is concerned and helpful even when no benefits are offered or expected in return
Altruism
Is there such a thing as a completely unselfish behavior?
Debate
The Brighter Side of Human Nature, Alfie Kohn (1990):
1) It does each of us an injustice by putting part of human nature beyond our reach.
??by attributing over importance to praiseworthy actions one may, by implication, be paying indirect but potent homage to the worse side of human nature. For this attitude implies that such actions shine out as rare exceptions, while callousness and apathy are the general rule.?
2) To dwell on saintliness communicates the reassuring message that a few larger-than-life characters have become specialists in helping others. The effect may be to relieve us of the responsibility of having to do the same.
Dangers in viewing people as primarily selfish and seeing altruism as rare.
3) Altruism may be turned into an all-or-nothing proposition.
If our private definition of the word ends with: ??See ??Mother Teresa,??? and if we are sure we could never be like her, then we may comfortably practice a lifestyle of self-aggrandizement. In effect, our understanding becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy: If I know altruism is not within my reach, why bother to attempt to act that way or to cultivate it in my children?
Dangers in viewing people as primarily selfish and seeing altruism as rare.
Kitty Genovese story
bystander effect ?? tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Less likely to notice an incident
situational ambiguity – not being able to interpret a situation as an emergency or not
Informational influence
Pluralistic ignorance ?? mistaken impression on part of group members that, because no one else is acting concerned, there is no cause for alarm
When will we NOT help?
bystander effect
diffusion of responsibility ?? tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
the more people there are around, the less responsible we feel to help
Less likely to help if pressured by time
Good Samaritan study
Less likely to help if you are dissimilar to the one needing help.
When will we NOT help?
Responses to Being Helped
Best odds of helping someone
person appears to need and deserve help
person is in some way similar to us
person is a woman
we have just observed someone else being helpful
we are not in a hurry
we are in a small town or rural area
we are feeling guilty
we are focused on others and not preoccupied
we are in a good mood
Altruism
Ch12-Helping.pptx
Chapter 12
Helping
Social-exchange theory ?? human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one??s rewards and minimize one??s costs
Social norms ?? we ought to help
Reciprocity norm ?? an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social-responsibility norm ?? an expectation that people will help those needing [and deserving] help
Depends on the attribution (internal or external)
External ï? sympathy ï? help
Internal ï? no sympathy ï? don??t help
Kin selection ?? the idea that evolution has selected toward one??s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes
Why do we help?
Egoism ?? a motive to increase one??s own welfare.
The opposite of altruism
Obvious egoism vs subtle egoism
Obvious: done to gain external rewards or avoid punishment
Subtle: done to gain internal rewards or relieve inner distress
Egoism
HANDOUT
Altruism ?? a motive to increase another??s welfare without conscious regard for one??s self-interests
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
An altruistic person is concerned and helpful even when no benefits are offered or expected in return
Altruism
Is there such a thing as a completely unselfish behavior?
Debate
The Brighter Side of Human Nature, Alfie Kohn (1990):
1) It does each of us an injustice by putting part of human nature beyond our reach.
??by attributing over importance to praiseworthy actions one may, by implication, be paying indirect but potent homage to the worse side of human nature. For this attitude implies that such actions shine out as rare exceptions, while callousness and apathy are the general rule.?
2) To dwell on saintliness communicates the reassuring message that a few larger-than-life characters have become specialists in helping others. The effect may be to relieve us of the responsibility of having to do the same.
Dangers in viewing people as primarily selfish and seeing altruism as rare.
3) Altruism may be turned into an all-or-nothing proposition.
If our private definition of the word ends with: ??See ??Mother Teresa,??? and if we are sure we could never be like her, then we may comfortably practice a lifestyle of self-aggrandizement. In effect, our understanding becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy: If I know altruism is not within my reach, why bother to attempt to act that way or to cultivate it in my children?
Dangers in viewing people as primarily selfish and seeing altruism as rare.
Kitty Genovese story
bystander effect ?? tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Less likely to notice an incident
situational ambiguity – not being able to interpret a situation as an emergency or not
Informational influence
Pluralistic ignorance ?? mistaken impression on part of group members that, because no one else is acting concerned, there is no cause for alarm
When will we NOT help?
bystander effect
diffusion of responsibility ?? tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
the more people there are around, the less responsible we feel to help
Less likely to help if pressured by time
Good Samaritan study
Less likely to help if you are dissimilar to the one needing help.
When will we NOT help?
Responses to Being Helped
Best odds of helping someone
person appears to need and deserve help
person is in some way similar to us
person is a woman
we have just observed someone else being helpful
we are not in a hurry
we are in a small town or rural area
we are feeling guilty
we are focused on others and not preoccupied
we are in a good mood
Altruism
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